第 1 章 区块链简介............................ 1
1.1 区块链定义................................................1
1.1.1 交易模型.............................................1
1.1.2 关键概念.............................................4
1.1.3 层次结构.............................................6
1.2 构建区块链................................................7
1.2.1 摘要指针.............................................8
1.2.2 链式结构.............................................8
1.2.3 区块结构.............................................9
1.3 中心化账本与分布式账本 ......................10
1.3.1 中心化账本.......................................10
1.3.2 分布式账本.......................................11
1.3.3 分布作用...........................................11
1.3.4 去中心化...........................................12
1.3.5 再看中心化.......................................13
1.4 区块链发展..............................................14
1.4.1 区块链发展阶段...............................14
1.4.2 区块链发展分类...............................15
1.4.3 区块链发展战略...............................16
1.5 本章小结..................................................19
本章习题...........................................................20

第 2 章 区块链密码.......................... 21
2.1 区块链与密码学 ......................................21
2.1.1 区块链系统安全目标.......................21
2.1.2 密码算法...........................................22
2.1.3 区块链中的密码学...........................23
2.2 身份和密钥..............................................24
2.2.1 身份管理...........................................24
2.2.2 密钥管理...........................................25
2.2.3 公钥证书和公钥基础设施 ...............26
2.3 密码机制 ..................................................28
2.3.1 古典密码...........................................28
2.3.2 对称密码...........................................29
2.3.3 非对称密码.......................................30
2.3.4 混合密码...........................................31
2.4 典型算法 ..................................................32
2.4.1 DES 算法 ..........................................32
2.4.2 AES 算法 ..........................................32
2.4.3 RSA 算法..........................................34
2.4.4 ECC 算法..........................................35
2.5 数字签名 ..................................................37
2.5.1 数字签名简介...................................37
2.5.2 RSA 签名..........................................38
2.5.3 ECDSA..............................................39
2.5.4 门限签名...........................................40
2.6 其余机制 ..................................................41
2.6.1 聚合签名...........................................41
2.6.2 零知识证明.......................................41
2.6.3 可验证随机函数...............................42
2.6.4 密码学承诺.......................................42
2.7 本章小结 ..................................................43
本章习题...........................................................43

第 3 章 区块链网络 ......................... 45
3.1 区块链和对等网络 ..................................45
3.1.1 对等网络概述...................................45
3.1.2 区块链节点操作...............................46
3.1.3 区块链节点类型...............................47
3.1.4 区块链节点加入机制.......................48
3.2 区块链网络拓扑......................................49
3.2.1 无结构对等网络拓扑.......................49
3.2.2 比特币网络拓扑...............................50
3.2.3 有结构对等网络拓扑.......................51
3.2.4 以太坊网络拓扑...............................53
3.2.5 混合型对等网络拓扑.......................54
3.2.6 联盟链网络拓扑...............................55
3.3 区块链网络路由......................................56
3.3.1 洪泛路由...........................................56
3.3.2 Gossip 路由 ......................................57
3.3.3 分布式哈希表路由...........................58
3.3.4 以太坊路由.......................................60
3.4 区块链网络传播......................................61
3.4.1 交易传播...........................................61
3.4.2 区块传播...........................................62
3.4.3 中继网络...........................................62
3.5 本章小结..................................................64
本章习题...........................................................64

第 4 章 区块链合约..........................65
4.1 智能合约概念..........................................65
4.1.1 什么是智能合约...............................65
4.1.2 传统合约与智能合约.......................66
4.1.3 智能合约的发展历程.......................67
4.1.4 智能合约的架构模型.......................67
4.1.5 智能合约的生命周期.......................69
4.2 以太坊智能合约......................................70
4.2.1 以太坊虚拟机...................................70
4.2.2 以太坊智能合约的部署...................71
4.2.3 智能合约与以太坊的交互...............72
4.3 智能合约实现..........................................72
4.3.1 智能合约语言...................................72
4.3.2 Solidity 语言概述.............................73
4.3.3 智能合约实例...................................74
4.3.4 Solidity 语言数据类型 .....................76
4.3.5 Solidity 语言运算符 .........................79
4.3.6 Solidity 语言逻辑 .............................80
4.3.7 Solidity 语言函数 .............................81
4.4 智能合约应用..........................................82
4.4.1 金融...................................................82
4.4.2 物联网...............................................82
4.4.3 组织架构管理...................................83
4.5 智能合约生态..........................................83
4.5.1 去中心化应用...................................83
4.5.2 去中心化自治组织...........................83
4.6 智能合约挑战..........................................84
4.6.1 智能合约的潜在问题.......................84
4.6.2 智能合约的安全性...........................85
4.7 本章小结..................................................85
本章习题...........................................................85

第 5 章 区块链共识 ......................... 87
5.1 共识问题..................................................87
5.1.1 共识概述...........................................87
5.1.2 拜占庭将军问题...............................88
5.1.3 CAP 理论..........................................90
5.1.4 共识假设...........................................91
5.2 PoW 类机制.............................................92
5.2.1 PoW 基本概念..................................92
5.2.2 PoW 面临问题..................................93
5.2.3 PoW 改进机制..................................95
5.3 PoS 类机制...............................................97
5.3.1 PoS 基本概念 ...................................97
5.3.2 PoS 面临问题 ...................................98
5.3.3 PoS 协议 ...........................................98
5.4 BFT 类机制............................................100
5.4.1 PBFT 算法......................................100
5.4.2 HotStuff 算法..................................102
5.4.3 Tendermint 算法 .............................104
5.5 CFT 类机制............................................106
5.5.1 Paxos 算法......................................106
5.5.2 Raft 算法.........................................108
5.6 本章小结................................................109
本章习题.........................................................110

第 6 章 比特币平台........................ 112
6.1 比特币简介............................................112
6.1.1 比特币历史.....................................113
6.1.2 比特币定义.....................................113
6.2 比特币地址............................................114
6.2.1 私钥和公钥.....................................115
6.2.2 地址生成.........................................115
6.2.3 地址和交易.....................................116
6.3 比特币交易............................................117
6.3.1 交易描述.........................................117
6.3.2 UTXO..............................................118
6.3.3 交易过程.........................................119
6.3.4 P2SH ...............................................120
6.4 比特币钱包............................................120
6.4.1 钱包分类.........................................120
6.4.2 钱包技术.........................................122
6.4.3 助记词.............................................123
6.5 比特币区块............................................124
6.5.1 区块结构.........................................124
6.5.2 区块高度和深度.............................125
6.5.3 区块链分叉.....................................125
6.5.4 区块压缩和剪裁.............................126
6.6 本章小结................................................127
本章习题.........................................................127

第 7 章 以太坊平台........................ 129
7.1 以太坊资源模型 ....................................129
7.1.1 gas ...................................................129
7.1.2 ETH.................................................130
7.1.3 ETH 流通量....................................131
7.2 以太坊账户 ............................................132
7.2.1 账户的地址.....................................132
7.2.2 外部账户.........................................132
7.2.3 余额模型与 nonce ..........................133
7.2.4 合约账户.........................................134
7.2.5 账户的数据结构.............................134
7.3 以太坊交易 ............................................135
7.3.1 交易的结构.....................................135
7.3.2 交易分类.........................................136
7.3.3 交易过程.........................................136
7.4 以太坊区块链 ........................................137
7.4.1 递归长度前缀编码.........................137
7.4.2 默克尔前缀树.................................138
7.4.3 以太坊中的 MPT............................139
7.4.4 以太坊区块结构.............................140
7.5 以太坊共识 ............................................141
7.5.1 Ethash..............................................141
7.5.2 权益证明共识.................................142
7.6 以太坊生态 ............................................143
7.6.1 以太坊节点.....................................144
7.6.2 以太坊应用工具.............................145
7.6.3 智能合约开发工具.........................145
7.6.4 企业级以太坊应用.........................147
7.7 本章小结 ................................................148
本章习题.........................................................148

第 8 章 联盟链平台 ....................... 150
8.1 联盟链概念 ............................................150
8.1.1 联盟链背景.....................................150
8.1.2 联盟链定义及发展历程.................151
8.1.3 联盟链与公有链的对比.................152
8.2 超级账本 Fabric .....................................153
8.2.1 Fabric 成员管理.............................154
8.2.2 Fabric 节点网络..............................155
8.2.3 Fabric 共识机制 .............................157
8.2.4 Fabric 智能合约 .............................158
8.3 Diem.......................................................159
8.3.1 Diem 平台架构...............................159
8.3.2 Diem 成员管理...............................160
8.3.3 Diem 节点网络...............................161
8.3.4 Diem 共识机制...............................162
8.3.5 Diem 智能合约...............................163
8.3.6 Diem 其他方面...............................165
8.4 国内联盟链............................................166
8.4.1 基本架构.........................................167
8.4.2 成员管理.........................................168
8.4.3 节点网络.........................................169
8.4.4 共识机制.........................................170
8.4.5 智能合约.........................................171
8.5 本章小结................................................172
本章习题.........................................................172

第 9 章 区块链性能........................174
9.1 区块链性能问题分析............................174
9.1.1 性能问题.........................................174
9.1.2 系统模型.........................................175
9.1.3 性能问题的产生原因.....................176
9.2 区块链性能扩展机制............................176
9.2.1 性能扩展机制概述.........................176
9.2.2 链下机制.........................................177
9.2.3 链上机制.........................................179
9.2.4 第零层机制.....................................182
9.3 区块链分片机制....................................182
9.3.1 区块链分片机制概述.....................182
9.3.2 RSCoin............................................183
9.3.3 ELASTICO .....................................184
9.3.4 OmniLedger ....................................185
9.3.5 RapidChain .....................................186
9.4 区块链重叠分片机制............................187
9.4.1 跨片交易.........................................188
9.4.2 重叠分片.........................................189
9.5 本章小结................................................190
本章习题.........................................................191

第 10 章 区块链应用 ..................... 192
10.1 区块链应用概述 ..................................192
10.1.1 金融领域.......................................192
10.1.2 教育领域.......................................193
10.1.3 政府领域.......................................194
10.1.4 环保领域.......................................195
10.2 数据共享应用......................................196
10.2.1 应用场景.......................................196
10.2.2 存在问题.......................................197
10.2.3 解决方案.......................................198
10.3 数字内容版权保护应用 ......................199
10.3.1 应用场景.......................................199
10.3.2 存在问题.......................................200
10.3.3 解决方案.......................................201
10.4 日志审计应用......................................202
10.4.1 应用场景.......................................202
10.4.2 存在问题.......................................203
10.4.3 解决方案.......................................203
10.5 银行函证应用......................................204
10.5.1 应用场景.......................................204
10.5.2 存在问题.......................................205
10.5.3 解决方案.......................................205
10.6 私募股权转让应用 ..............................207
10.6.1 应用场景.......................................207
10.6.2 存在问题.......................................208
10.6.3 解决方案.......................................208
10.7 本章小结..............................................209
本章习题.........................................................210
参考文献 ........................................... 211